There are many methods of teaching language such as :
1. GRAMMAR TRANSALATION METHOD.
This method call with GTM .is a method which is the longest in the world of learning a foreign language. Indonesia still using the GTM method of teaching English since occurred to date. This is a method in which grammar or grammar is emphasized. In addition to grammar, there are also translate or rather the language most commonly used to teach vocabulary. Teachers will teach the material on grammar using the formula, and then use the interpreter when giving teaching reading, writing, and vocabulary in English.
The grammar translation method was developed at the time when comparatively small proportion of language learners would expect to visit the foreign country. at least in Secondary schools, therefore, its primary aim has not been to produce fluent users of the foreign language. it has had other aims : in Particular, to encourage mental discipline, develop intellectual skills, and lay the foundation for further study of the foreign language, culture, and literature.
This method focus to students grammar and vocabulary. and skill that use in this method are translation and grammar. this method is teacher center because in grammar translation there is no feedback. And in this method while teachers teaching, first the teachers translate every word from English to mother tongue, so the students are required translate from mother tongue into English. this method always use in International school.
GTM characteristics:
- Emphasizes accuracy; students are expected to achieve high standards in transalation.
-determine grain or the rules of grammar of the target language (target language) strictly in the syllabus.
- Using the mother tongue as the medium of instruction students
The techniques in the Grammar Translation Method:
v Translation of a literary passage
v Reading comprehension questions
v Antonyms / Synonyms
v - cognates
v Deductive application of rule
v Fill-in-the-blanks
v Memorization
v Use words in sentences
v Composition
This method has advantage and disadvantage:
ADVANTAGE
v Students have ability in grammar and writing
v Students have many vocabulary
DISADVANTAGE
v Students can’t speak up more effectively
v Students can’t improve their Pronunciations
v Unnatural methods
2. AUDIO LINGUAL METHOD
Audio Lingual Method is a method of learning English in which teachers practiced a short dialogue means that one cannot be translated by the students. Teachers provide instruction to students to follow the dialogue and the dialogue of students to guess the intent expression, pose dialogue, and a variety of things that practiced by a teacher. Audio-Lingual Method also is a method whose implementation is focused on training activities, drill, memorizing vocabulary, dialogues, reading texts. The students are encouraged to learn in practice without having to bring in native speaker.
Audio lingual method enjoyed unprecedented support from official bodies and publisher in USA. in originated during war II called ‘Army method’. which has devise by American linguistic in order to equip American personnel with the language skills that were suddenly urgently required. This urgency is reflected in the intensiveness of language method.
This approach to language was joined by the learning theory that dominated psychology at the time: behaviorism. According to behaviorism, language is a form of behavior and learning is a process of habit –formation. when applied to pattern such as those above , the theory result in teaching procedure for which the audio lingual method is most widely known : the pattern drill, in which the learners are required to use whatever pattern is currently being taught in order to give correct the respond and stimulus from the teacher. For example: the language material above could form the basis for a substitution drill in which different item (as cued by the teachers) are simply inserted into appropriate slot (S =stimulus, R = response)
Model : The man has caught the Ball
S : The girl
R : the girl has caught ball
S : the pencils
R : the girls has caught the pencils
It could also provide the basis for various kind of transformation driil in which sentence based no one pattern transformated into another
S : The man has caught the ball
R : has the man caught the ball
S : the girls has bought the pencil
R :Has the girl bought the pencils
A fundamental principles of audio lingual method is that language items should be overland to the point where they can be produced automatically and with total accuracy in responds to appropriate stimuli.
There are some technique teaching using ALM (Audio-Lingual Method):
a. Dialog Memorization
b. Backward Build-up (expansion) Drill
c. Repetition Drill
d. Chain Drill
e. Single-slot Substitution Drill
f. Multiple-slot Substitution Drill
g.Transformation Drill
h. Question-and-Answer Drill
i. Use of Minimal Pairs
j. Complete the Dialog
k. Grammar Game rage mother tongue in the classroom.
Student Activities in AUDIO LINGUAL METHOD
1. Listen to a conversation as a model (teacher or cassette) that contains key structures are the focus of learning, they repeat each line The conversation individually or together, memorize and students do not see the book.
2. Changing the settings dialog with the place or the other according to taste students.
3. Practicing the key structures of the conversation together and then individual.
4. Refer to the text book and follow up with the reading, writing or vocabulary based on existing conversations, writing started in forms of copy activity.
Audio lingual method has the advantage and disadvantage
ADVANTAGE
v Students active and the teachers creative
v Positively drill can help students in developing their oral skills.
v Teaching techniques in the Audio-Lingual method using a tape recording and a language lab offers training speaking and listening skills are the most important thing in language learning. Drill patterns give students more practice.
v There is feedback
v Students have skill in listening and speaking
v Student do not focus for one information, they can improve the information that they get into another information. This called response from the students
DISADVANTAGE
v Techniques used in the Audio-Lingual method as drill, memorization, and others might make language into a behavior (habit), but it is not produce expected competencies.
v With the Audio-Lingual method might be teachers complain about the amount of time required (long), and the students will complain about the boredom caused by the drill pattern of continuous use.
v The role and activity of the teacher is crucial in the Audio-Lingual method, so more teacher dominated the class.
5. DIRECT METHOD
This method also called natural method. it was method established in Germany and France around 1990, represented This Method developed from Grammar translation method by Belrlitz and de sauze. this method usually use in international school. Students in this method 80% can speak up and creative. skill that is use in this method are listening and speaking. And this method need student center. the applying of direct method is Teacher as center give instruction but students can speak English 80%. In the Direct Method , Interaction between teachers and students walking from two directions, either from teacher to student or from student to teacher, but most interaction runs from the teacher to the student. Interaction between students is also a lot going on in this method.
Vocabulary is emphasized more than grammar. Although this method may work on all the basic skills such as English language reading, writing, speaking, listening and learning from the beginning, but verbal communication is seen as a basic skill. Pronunciation also get a place in this method, from the beginning until the end of the lesson learning.
The disadvantage of direct method :
v There are many words cannot interpreted direct in English and much time and energy are wasted in making attempts for the purposes.
v This method ignore writing skills and reading skills
v Grammar is closely bound up with the reader
The advantage of direct method :
v It is an activity method facilitating alertness and participation of the pupils
v Trough this method fluency of speech, good pronunciation and power of expression properly develop.
v In this method students are able to understand what they learn and they can express their own idea in correct English about what they read and learn.
6. FUNCTIONAL METHOD
The oral approach / situational language teaching
This method was developed from 1930s to the 1960s by British applied linguists such as Harlod Parlmer and A.S Hornsby. This method do the oral approach between teacher and students. in this method teacher come to the students one by one. Therefore, this method need 4 teacher in classroom ,this method most focus to vocabulary control and grammar control. Beside that this method also determine to find the difficult word.
The advantages
v Student have competence in grammar structure
v Students have many vocabulary
The disadvantages
v Need more than one teacher
v This method only use in another country
7. THE SERIES METHOD
This method was developed by Francois Gouin in 19 century .Series method is a variety of the direct method in that experiences are directly connected to the target language. it also called method gradually. Where, everyday there is a change.. this method use for children who are learn new English language. this method emphasis vocabulary especially Verb.
For example: teacher make sentence “ I go to school every day” and then teachers ask the students make a new sentence with word GO. where the student improve sentences from GO. Example I go to church every Sunday. from this student know that words GO not only use for I go to school.this method also can use in anywhere.
The disadvantages of this method are:
v Students have weak to understand the lesson because it was too fast explain.
v Didn’t need grammar structure
v Need ideal teacher and active teacher.
The advantages
v Students much study vocabulary
8. COMMUNICATIVE LANGUAGE TEACHING
Communicative language teaching (CLT) is An approach to foreign or second language which emphasis that the goal of language learning is communicative competence.CLT focus on communicative competence .this method can increase their motivation to learn target language. this method bring the student to real life context
In this method teacher can applied variety of classroom activity so the students more interesting to, learn English language..
The advantage use CLT :
v Development and improvement of knowledge and skills that will help speaker.
v Student more active
v Students speak up
v Students can communicate in English well
v In CLT “Fluency” sometimes is more important
The disadvantage:
v It may also be a difficult method to use in very large classes, where it may be easier to monitor and guide students by adopting a more didactic approach.
v Students low in grammar
9. TASK BASED LANGUAGE LEARNING
Based learning involves the use of resourceful environment. In the classroom, the idea is to get something done via the language, to read a text and do something with the information. The activities are the one which actually occurs in real-world situations. A task approach conveys to students the value of fluent and efficient reading, reading for a specific purpose which means reading texts in different ways depending on the information needed and the task to be carried out. In addition, students work with authentic texts from the start by which they derive a sense of accomplishment from their progressively greater comprehension and more extended use of the text.TBL was popularized by N. Prabhu while working in Bangalore, india.TBL focus to English specific purpose. ussualy this method use in small group. this method use authentic language and no limitation to communicative. Skill that use inTBL are speaking and listening and than students center.
In task based language learning there are some components :
1. Pre task
It means that doing practice in front of classroom. and than the students have prepare whatever they will ask. example :small group( Hotel vocation)
2. Task
It means that teacher give exercises according to the topic.
3. Planning
It means that the students prepare what are they will present in front of class.
4. Report
It means that students make a report of what they learn
5. Analysis
There is no feedback from teacher
6. Practice
Before heading to the field, first students must practice in classroom.
The advantages of TBL
v This method provides an opportunity for students to express opinions
v Benefit the students who are weak in problem solving. Because problem solving is usually performed by groups rather than individual
v Problem solving Increase the likelihood of students' critical thinking.
v Can develop a sense of leadership
v Students can learn understand other students because every student is always different opinions
The disadvantages
v Sometimes, there is the view from various angles for the problem being solved, maybe even talk to deviate, so it takes a long time.
v Often members of the group tried to dominate the conversation, while the other members may be reluctant to participate.
v Students feel the teacher never explained because this learning model requires a more active student
10. SUGGESTOPEDIA
Suggestopedia method comes from Bulgaria. This method was developed by educator, psychotherapist, and a physicist named George Lozanov about 1978. Suggestopedia learning is a set of recommendations derived from sugestologi by Lozanov intended as a study of the science of applying to the effects of irrational or unconscious is constantly addressed by human beings (Stevick in Richards and Rodgers, 2006:100, Tarin, 2009:89). This method tries to capitalize upon influences such irrational and divert and redirect to optimize learning. The characteristics of the most striking is suggestopedic (Tarin, 2009:89):
a. decorating class;
b. . furnishings / furniture grade;
c. preparation / classroom setting;
d. the use of music;
e. actors authoritative teacher.
Suggestopedia is a teaching method which is based on a modern understanding of how the human brain works and how we learn more effectively .Suggestopedia was originally applied mainly in foreign language teaching. that this method use hypnosis use classic music .this method focus to suggestion and pedagogic. it means that how to transfer the material to students. to use this method in teaching learning, the team teaching must have agreement from students parents
The advantages
v The existence of the original communication in the classroom.
v A sense of excitement when learning will foster motivation.
v Students, in addition to learning the target language L2 (target language), can improve mental and emotional stability.
v Intensive implementation will reduce the opportunity for students to forget.
The disadvantages
v Suggestopedia cannot be done in a large class of students numbered. the program ore expensive
v Four hours each day with a long dialogue will make students bored
11. TOTAL PHSYCAL RESPONSE
TPR is methods of teaching language using physical movement to react to verbal input in order to reduce barriers and lower their student affective filter. This allows students to react to language without thinking too much, facilitate long-term retention, and reduce student anxiety and stress. In order to implement TPR effectively, it is necessary to plan regular sessions that progress in a logical order, and to keep a few principles in mind.
(TPR (total physical response) is a method of teaching language using physical movement to react to verbal input in order to reduce student inhibitions and lower their affective filter. It Allows students to react to language without thinking too much, facilitates long term retention, and student Reduces anxiety and stress. in order to implement TPR Effectively, it is Necessary to plan regular sessions that progress in a logical order, and to keep several principles in mind.)
Learning Model Total Physical Response (TPR)
Dr.. James J. Asher was the first to introduce a model of TPR in his book entitled "Learning another Language through Actions". He with several linguists researching on successful language learning. Total Physical Response (total physical response) can be interpreted more broadly as a learning model that requires students to be active / physically respond to the overall learning process.
Another sense of TPR is a learning model that optimizes the performance of our body. this model is based on the theory of language acquisition in children and TPR models well suited to learning a language other than the original. Why TPR is perfect in English language learning, according to expert opinion that:
1. This method is easy to understand because the students are made to experience it,
2. This method gives students an understanding of the function of a particular word,
3. This method is very nice and the students are not aware of being studied
4. This method suitable for beginner students and students who are slow to learn.
This method was popular since the 70s but the model can still be used up to now.
this method more focus to dyslexia students and communication by eye contact, gesture and then respond by physical. Generally this method use for the beginner.
The disadvantages of this method
v It is easy and fun
v This does not require much preparation on the part of teachers.
v This is a good tool for learning vocabulary.
v Class sizes need not be a problem.
v There are no age restrictions.
The disadvantages
v It's not a very creative method. Students are not given the opportunity to express their own views and thoughts in creative ways.
v It's easy to excessive PLA.
v It is limited, because everything cannot be explained by this method. This should be combined with other approaches.)
12. TPR STORYTELLING
TPRS is a method of teaching foreign language. TPRS also combination between reading and story. Storytelling in Indonesia is not new. This has been a long oral tradition lasted for generations. But unfortunately, today's tradition of storytelling is slowly becoming obsolete and is replaced by a tradition of watching TV. Regardless of the advantages and disadvantages, good storytelling or watch, can be said to contain oral traditions which suggests that humans are basically happy to talk and listen to a story (story). The popularity of storytelling can be used in teaching and learning. One of them in language teaching because of the stories told provide a meaningful context when language is used. In contrast to the teaching of grammar or vocabulary commonly taught in isolation from its context, through storytelling, grammar and vocabulary can be studied thoroughly and natural. In addition, teaching through story telling does not require expensive equipment. Teachers can be a multifunctional media by using gestures and expressions to help students understand the story. Storytelling also is a tool that is not expensive but it is the potential to foster interest in learning English in children. Interactions between teachers and children tend to be more meaningful and natural. Vocabulary and sentence structure patterns that exist in the story can be exploited in such a way as to learning the language because the language displayed through a clear context. However, the uniqueness and magic that is the soul of a story not to be tainted with exploitation explanations excessive sentence patterns that children still have the widest possible opportunity to appreciate a story and experience the magic of the story and storyteller was brought into the classroom. TPR storytelling was developed by Blaine Ray, a high school Spanish teacher in California, during the 1990s. Ray had found great initial success teaching using TPR , but was disappointed when his students stopped finding this technique to be interesting. usually his method use in up normal, sometimes use in normal school but suitable for the level.
TPR story telling is broadly divided into three step such as :
1. Establish meaning
v Students are introduce a new vocabulary for the lesson
v Using by gesture and the teachers ask students using target language. this question called personalization question.
v In this step sometimes we use translated
2. Spoken class story
v In this step students can speak up orally
3. Class reading
v In this step students read and discuss a story uses the same language.
The disadvantages of TPRS :
v While teaching teacher must prepare interesting story
v Teacher must be c f always used and very used to create boredom.
v The success of this method depends on who is using it.
v Tends to make students passive relative
The advantages of TPRS :
v Students have competence in pronunciation and listening sklill
v Easy to prepare and implement.
v Easy teacher explains the lesson well.
v More economical in terms of time.
v Provide opportunities for teachers to use their experience, knowledge and wisdom.
v Can use the extensive teaching materials
v Helping students to hear accurately, critical, and attentive.
13. COMMUNICATIVE LANGUAGE LEARNING
This method is often referred to as an example of the humanistic approach to language teaching (humanistic approach to language teaching). Community Language Learning (CLL) is the name of a method developed by Charles A. Curran and his associates. Curran was a specialist in counseling and a professor of psychology at Loyola University, Chicago. His application of psychological counseling techniques to learning is known as Counseling-Learning. Community Language Learning represents the use of Counseling-Learning theory to teach languages. Curran concludes that counseling techniques can be applied in the learning and teaching of primary language. Counselors so that students feel safe from the threat and anxiety.
Community Language Learning is the most responsive in terms of sensitivity to students. the of this method is students learn how to use the target language communicatively. Students also learn how to learn on their own and are responsible for this, and learn how to learn with others. the teacher rule in this method is as a counselor, it means teachers recognize how the threat of a new learning situation can occur in students, so that teachers can understand and provide support for students in their efforts to master the language. The purpose of this community is hampered by a number of fellow learners and knowledge. Teachers must be sensitive to the first language and second language. Teachers must be prepared to accept and even encourage students to be aggressive because he is trying to be free. teacher without conventional materials depending on the topic of the class to motivate students.
CLL have characteristic are :
v Translation : teacher translate into target language
v Recording : use tape recorder
v Group work : in here teacher divide the students into group work
v Transcription
v In this method student more speak up
v Students are use target language
14. DOGMA LANGUAGE TEACHING
Dogme language teaching is considered to be both a methodology and a movement. This method also is a teaching should not need but, explain according to a real life.
KEY OF PRINCIPLE DOGMA
1. Interactivity : there is interaction between teacher and student and students with them selves.
2. Engagement :there is action and they are must be creative
3. Dialogic processes : learning a social and dialog
4. Scaffoldded conversations : there is a onstage conversation and then respond from students
5. Emergence : appears grammar process and language acquisition
6. Affordance : there is a result .in here teacher optimize the role of the language teacher
7. Voice : speaking , there is a knowledge that transferred
8. Empowerment : free to produce by material or books
9. Relevance : equivalent
10. Critical use :basic ,teacher and student must publisher the material and text book
Main perception of dogma
1. Conversation driven teaching
v Speaking as central learning of language or speaking fundamental of language learning
v There is a interactional and transactional
v There is two parts such as: learner and teacher
v To most truly teach, one most converse: to truly converse is to teach.
2. Materials light approach
v approach to lightweight material
v students produce easy material
3. Emergency language
Language is considered to emerge in two ways. firstly : classroom activity there is a collaborative communication among the students. secondly, teacher must also encourage learners to engage with this new language to ensure learning takes places.
4. Pedagogical foundations of dogma
It means education of language
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